by Marion Nestle

Currently browsing posts about: Sugars

Sep 21 2026

The National Confectioners Association is concerned about sugar restrictions

I subscribe to Jerry Hagstrom’s “The Hagstrom Report” for his tracking of food events in Washington DC I would not know about otherwise.  He occasionally hosts sponsored posts and I was especially interested to read this one on September 15: “Candy: An American Manufacturing Success Story 250 Years in the Making” by John Downs, the president and CEO of the National Confectioners Association.

I don’t write about candy much.  Yes it’s sugar, but most people don’t eat all that much of it.

The CDC lists these main sources of sugar in US diets:

  • 24% from sugary drinks, such as soft drinks, fruit drinks, sports drinks, and energy drinks.
  • 19% from desserts and sweet snacks.
  • 11% from coffee and tea that is sweetened before sale or added later.
  • 9% from candy and sugars.
  • 7% from breakfast cereals and bars.

According to Google’s AI, for candy:

  • Annual per capita intake: Estimates range from 8 pounds up to 22 or 25 pounds per person annually when including chocolate and seasonal treats. [1, 2, 3]

But the National Confectioners Association wants you to eat more candy, and not worry about it.  Therefore, it wants dietary guidelines to say nothing about sugar or ultra-processed foods.  Alas for the NCA, the 2025-2030 guidelines advise limits on both.

Mr, Downs notes that the NCA was in Washington DC that week to meet with congressional representatives.  The NCA wants them to know that

the confectionery industry supports nearly 700,000 jobs across manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, retail, and other sectors. Every confectionery manufacturing job supports another 11 American jobs. That is the Power of Sweet — and it shows what’s at stake in policy debates that impact American manufacturing.  In celebration of our nation’s 250th birthday, we created our Sweet Land of Liberty campaign…Chocolate and candy have always been about fun, celebration, and connection, and behind every treat stands a great American manufacturing success story.

And then he gets to the ask.  When he says “ingredients” he means sugars.  He’s particularly worried about ultra-processed food classifications.

The rapidly evolving conversation around food ingredients is one example. In recent years, states have enacted different restrictions, labeling requirements, and other rules governing food ingredients, often reaching different conclusions about how ingredients should be treated. This patchwork of conflicting state requirements creates uncertainty, complicates supply chains, and makes it harder for manufacturers to make long-term investments in American facilities and jobs…Our industry is engaging in conversations around ingredients, nutrition, and the future of the American food supply. We believe that public policy should be grounded in science, administered consistently at the federal level, informed by how food is manufactured, distributed, and consumed. It should also account for the real-world effects on supply chains, manufacturing costs, American jobs, and the prices families pay at the grocery store.

Sounds reasonable, no?

If you want to know why we still do not have a definition of ultra-processed foods, why we still support sugar with tariffs, why Congress won’t touch policies to limit marketing of sugar foods and drinks, chalk it up to effective lobbying.  The NCA is small in comparison to the American Beverage Association, but all that talk about jobs on the Sweet Land of Liberty site carries weight.

The MAHA dietary guidelines for sugar are pretty tough.

+ Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages, such as sodas, fruit drinks, and energy drinks.
+ While no amount of added sugars or non-nutritive sweeteners is recommended or considered part of a healthy or nutritious diet, one meal should contain no more than 10 grams of added sugars.
+ When selecting snack foods, added sugar limits should follow FDA “Healthy” claim limits. For example, grain snacks (e.g., crackers) should not exceed 5 grams of added sugar per ¾ ounce whole-grain equivalent, and dairy snacks (e.g., yogurt) should not exceed 2.5 grams of added sugar per ⅔ cup equivalent.

But without policy to implement them, they are just talk.

Policy requires opposing industries with vested interests.

This administration has no plans to regulate industry.  It is likely to listen hard to Mr. Down’s concerns.

That’s what is meant by “corporate capture.”

Jul 3 2026

Weekend viewing: The National Food Museum

I am on the advisory council to the National Food Museum, an online project created by Michael Jacobson, the now-retired founder and president of the Center for Science in the Public Interest.

It currently hosts three exhibits.

(1) Food Impact Meter: This tells you how specific foods affect health and the environment.

(2) Video Vault: A collection of videos on food topics, some of them famous (the scene from When Harry Met Sally), some not but still interesting.

(3) Selling Candy to Kids: Here are commercials you may have seen (or not), pushing sugary foods to kids or explaining how the marketing works.

Enjoy!

Jun 26 2026

Weekend reading: less sugar for kids!

The Global Food Institute at George Washington University has a new report out: Changing the Default: A Policy Roadmap for Reducing Added Sugars in U.S. Children’s Diets,  by Fielding-Singh, P., D. Cherlin, and M. Maitin-Shepard.  June 2026.

What the report is about:

American children today consume far too much added sugar, and it is harming their health. The 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans set the most ambitious target yet for reducing this intake. This brief offers a policy roadmap for what it would take to make meaningful progress toward it.

It calls for reshaping the food environment to help kids eat less sugar.  Its recommendations focus on educating families, but also setting higher school nutrition standards and reshaping sugar supply and demand.

Here’s why this matters:

The advice:

  • Reduce sugars in the food supply.
  • Tax sugary drinks.
  • Restrict marketing of sugary foods and drinks to kids.

Comment

It’s a clear, succinct report with lots of good suggestions.

If only they could be implemented.

Get to work!

 

 

Mar 30 2026

Industry-funded study of the week: The Sweet Tooth Trial

A reader, Betsy Keller, sent me this one.  Her question: Who funded this?  Take a guess!

The study: The Sweet Tooth Trial: A Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of A 6-Month Low, Regular, or High Dietary Sweet Taste Exposure on Sweet Taste Liking, and Various Outcomes Related to Food Intake and Weight Status. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2026; 123 (1): 101073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.09.041

Background: Public health organizations currently recommend lowering the consumption of sweet-tasting foods, on the assumption that a lower exposure to sweet-tasting foods lowers preferences for sweet taste, decreasing sugar and energy intake, and aiding obesity prevention.

Objectives: to assess the effects of a 6-mo low, regular, and high dietary sweet taste exposure on liking for sweet taste.

Methods: Adults were given sweet foods and beverages from sugars, low-calorie sweeteners, fruits and dairy ranging from 10 to 45% of calories. They reported their sweet taste liking, sweet taste intensity perception, food choice, and investigators assessed their energy intake, body weight, markers for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and adverse events.

Results: Taste perceptions did not change over the range of sweetness studied.

Conclusions: These results do not support public health advice to reduce exposure to sweet-tasting foods, independent of other relevant factors such as energy density and food form.

Funding: The sweet tooth project, initiated by Wageningen University (Netherlands) and Bournemouth University (United Kingdom), also received private contributions from: American Beverage AssociationApura IngredientsArla Foods ambaCargill R&D Centre Europe BVBACosun Nutrition CenterDSM-FirmenichInternational Sweeteners AssociationSinoSweet Co., Ltd., and Unilever Foods Innovation Centre Wageningen. The private partners were part of an advisory committee that gave nonbinding advice to the project team that designed and executed the study. The project team reported the study design, progress, results, and manuscripts for publication to an independent steering committee, which gave binding advice before, during, and at completion of the study trial.

Conflict of interest: MM has previously received research funding from Royal Cosun (sugar beet refinery) and Sensus (inulin producer) and has received expenses from ILSI Europe. MB has received research funding from Horizon 2020 SWEET (grant agreement ID 774293). KMA has previously received research funding from the International Sweeteners Association, BE, and has current funding from The Coca Cola Company, US, and Ajinomoto Health and Nutrition North America Inc. US; KMA has received speaker’s expenses from EatWell Global and PepsiCo. KdG is a member of the Global Nutrition Advisory Board of Mars company. KdG has received travel, hotel, and speaker renumeration from the International Sweeteners Association, and received speaker expenses from ILSI North America.

Comment: Humans are born with a preference for sweet taste (the sugars in breast milk encourage babies to suck) and this study aimed to find out whether increasing consumption of sweet foods made people want to eat sweeter foods.  It didn’t.  On this basis, the authors conclude that recommending reduced sugar intake won’t help.  Really?  Sugars have calories but no nutrients, and eating a lot of sugars at any one time is difficult for metabolism to handle appropriately.  Those seem like good reasons for minimizing intake of sugar-sweetened foods and beverages.  The funders of this study have reasons to prefer that you not worry about this issue, which is why they funded it.

Jan 26 2026

The sugar industry fights back

With the new dietary guidelines taking such a strong stance on minimizing sugar intake, the sugar industry has its damage-control work cut out.

Lisa Sutherland, my co-author on our forthcoming (September 2026) Sugar Coated: Unboxing the Hidden Forces Shaping America’s Favorite Breakfast. Food, sent this link to information sent out to dietitian subscribers to Today’s Dietitian.

When it comes to added sugars, on one hand the public is hearing they should stop eating sugar entirely, on the other, they’re hearing that real sugar is healthier than other forms of added sugars and sweeteners. The fact is that added sugars currently make up around 13% of Americans total calories – the lowest amount in 40 years and close to the lowest amount ever recorded (11% in 1909). The steep decline in added sugars intake over the past 25 years has coincided with rising rates of childhood obesity and chronic disease – yet most people are unaware of these data and continue to demonize and place a significant amount of blame on real sugar for these conditions.

It then goes on to discuss all this under the following headings:

  • Real Sugar plays a key role in healthy balanced diets
  • Real Sugar is irreplaceable as a single ingredient
  • Facts over fear

And it comes with great charts.  My favorite, too big to reproduce here, is titled “Sugar is a partner in nutrient delivery.”  This points out that high-fiber cereals, fruit yogurs, canned vegetables, salad dressings, peanut butter, and pre-packaged snacks all are more enjoyable to eat and have longer shelf-life with some sugar tossed in.

Dec 22 2025

Industry-influenced study of the week: taste for sweets

Alert to readers: Amazon.com displays listings for several more workbooks, study guides, and cookbooks purportedly based on my book, What to Eat Now (see previous post on this).  I did not write any of them.  Caveat emptor!

___________________________

Thanks to Erin Croom from Small Bites Adventure Club! for sending this one.

  • The Study: The Sweet Tooth Trial: A Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of A 6-Month Low, Regular, or High Dietary Sweet Taste Exposure on Sweet Taste Liking, and Various Outcomes Related to Food Intake and Weight Status. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Available online 27 November 2025, 101073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.09.041
  • Methods: The investigators gave 180 healthy adults dietary advice plus about half their calories from meals containing 7%, 35%, or 80% food and beverages sweetened with sugars or artificial sweeteners.
  • Results: no differences in sweet taste liking or perception or sweet food choice.
  • Conclusions: “In the current trial, altering exposure to sweet-tasting foods did not change sweet taste liking, nor other outcomes. These results do not support public health advice to reduce exposure to sweet-tasting foods, independent of other relevant factors such as energy density and food form.
  • Funding: “The sweet tooth project…also received private contributions from: American Beverage AssociationApura IngredientsArla Foods ambaCargill R&D Centre Europe BVBACosun Nutrition CenterDSM-FirmenichInternational Sweeteners AssociationSinoSweet Co., Ltd., and Unilever Foods Innovation Centre Wageningen.”
  • Conflict of interest: “MM has previously received research funding from Royal Cosun (sugar beet refinery) and Sensus (inulin producer) and has received expenses from ILSI Europe. MB has received research funding from Horizon 2020 SWEET…KMA has previously received research funding from the International Sweeteners Association, BE, and has current funding from The Coca Cola Company, US, and Ajinomoto Health and Nutrition North America Inc. US; KMA has received speaker’s expenses from EatWell Global and PepsiCo. KdG is a member of the Global Nutrition Advisory Board of Mars company. KdG has received travel, hotel, and speaker renumeration from the International Sweeteners Association, and received speaker expenses from ILSI North America.”

Comment: The point of all this was to demonstrate that public health recommendations to reduce sugar intake in order to reduce the taste for sugar won’t do any good, so why bother.  To restate the obvious: sugars have calories but no nutrients, and taking in a lot of them at once—as in soft drinks—messes up metabolism and is best avoided.  Eating less of sugary foods and drinks is always a good idea.  But, as I am always pointing out, eating less is bad for business.  Hence this study.

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Oct 31 2025

Trick or Treat: Happy Halloween Candy!

Halloween, no matter its origins and promotion of costumes, means only one thing to the candy industry: sales.

And plenty of detailed research helps that along.

America’s Halloween Sweet Tooth: Instacart’s 2025 Candy & Decor Trends: Who loads up on candy the most? Since Utah’s first full year on the Instacart platform, Utah has once again decisively claimed the crown, buying candy 50% more often than the national average in October 2024.

And if you ever wondered which candies sell best?

Selling Halloween candy

Enjoy!

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Aug 27 2025

Nutritionally hilarious: Louisiana’s definition of “soft drinks” for its SNAP waiver

I am indebted to Melissa Fuster at Tulane University (congratulations on achieving tenure!) and Megan Knapp of Xavier University of Louisiana for telling me about this one.

The USDA has just approved a waiver for the State of Louisiana to exclude soft drinks, energy drinks, and candy from allowable purchases with SNAP benefits.

Check the definition of  excluded soft drinks [my emphasis]:

“Soft drinks” are defined as any carbonated nonalcoholic beverage containing high fructose corn syrup or artificial sweeteners.

By this definition, soft drinks made with cane or beet sugar are fully allowed to be purchased using SNAP benefits.

What is the difference between high fructose corn syrup and cane or beet sugar?  Not much.  All are mixtures of glucose and fructose and have the same number of calories.

So why the distinction?

Guess which state is the #2 producer of cane sugar.

As I said, nutritionally hilarious (see my clip in John Oliver’s Last Week Tonight on this point).